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For students, who are at the heart of the reform, training pathways have evolved, as have the training program and their recognized student status.
The relative importance of these mechanisms is unclear, but genomic studies have shown that enzymes in a pathway are likely to have a shared ancestry, suggesting that many pathways have evolved in a step-by-step fashion with novel functions created from pre-existing steps in the pathway.
Knowing how pathways have evolved can provide valuable insight into their individual function.
In pathogenic fungi, components of these pathways have evolved instead to regulate the morphological changes associated with plant infection.
In mammals, at least two main DSB repair pathways have evolved, namely non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR).
Several pathways have evolved to scavenge ROS, and we examined the expression of Cta1 and Ctt1, both of which catalyze the decomposition of ROS to water and oxygen [20], [21].
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Since primordial follicle development is essential for female reproduction, a complex network of regulatory factors influencing different aspects of critical signaling pathways has evolved.
Selective up-regulation of MIR159/319 ACR miRNAs in rdr2 and dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 triple mutants indicates that intrinsic link between miRNA and the defensive siRNA pathways has evolved in plants.
Over the past decade, ODE models of the ErbB1-induced ERK pathway have evolved in complexity, becoming both larger and having more experimentally constrained parameters [15].
The Hippo pathway receives inputs from multiple developmental pathways and interacts with many tissue-specific transcription factors, but how genes in the pathway have evolved remains inadequately revealed.
However, the interacting modules within a signalling pathway have evolved to optimize the particular signalling requirements inherent to the system, including the physicochemical complementarities between modules.
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