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Extrinsic apoptosis on the other hand is triggered by extracellular death-signalling ligands (FAS, TNFSF10 (TRAIL), TNF which are also members of the cytokine activation pathways) binding to the cell membrane receptors.
ANP is metabolized in two different pathways: binding to clearance receptors (NPR-C) and breakdown by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase (NEP) expressed in various organs including the kidneys [ 5, 6].
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This may explain the extremely wide range of interacting partners of VAP, with components of many cellular pathways binding it to access the ER.
As a member of epidermal growth factor family, neuregulins (NRGs) can activate multiple signal transduction pathways (including ERK1/2 pathway) after binding to its ErbB receptors, and display a number of roles in the developing and mature nervous systems.
Artemin exerts its influence on intracellular signaling pathways via binding to the receptor complex of GDNF family receptor alpha 3 (GFRα3) and ret [9].
Angiotensin II (Ang II) has a significant role in regulating cardiac homeostasis through humoral, autocrine and paracrine pathways, via binding to the plasma membrane AT1 receptor.
Once cleaved at aa495, the single chain proHGF (inert form) reverts to the active two-chain form of HGF, and mediates a wide range of signaling pathways by binding to the c-Met receptor (Nishida and Hirano, 2003).
Antibodies and other targeted provide the opportunity to block key soluble mediators of inflammation in their milieu, or alternatively to block intracellular inflammation-triggering pathways by binding to an upstream cell-surface receptor.
Indeed, the correlation between PIP2 and the intracellular sensitization of TRPV1 has been established; both bradykinin and NGF (known to stimulate PLC pathways after binding to their cognate receptors) potentiated TRPV1 activity in a heterologous expression system and in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (Chuang et al., 2001).
This complex functions in recombination pathways by binding to recombinational junctions and catalyzing strand cleavage.
This receptor has also been shown to orchestrate signaling pathways by binding to other transmembrane receptors, including integrins [ 21, 22].
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