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Since the constructed pathways are small subsets of the actual pathways, it is obvious that the mechanisms for a single cytokine secretion are numerous and complex.
The central components of these pathways are small GTPases of the Rho family (Rho-GTPases), notably Rho, Rac and Cdc42 (Hall, 2012).
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On the other hand, negative fitness effects of other mutational events, especially of mutations leading to protein loss from the pathway, are more pronounced when pathways are smaller.
The products of the pathway are small, N C macrocycles of 6 8 amino acids, which are highly decorated with posttranslational modifications.
GO enrichment analysis indicated that some pathways were enriched in the M segment (Table S19 - Additional file 13), even though the number of genes on each pathway is small.
We find that the exact structure of the ancestral pathway does not have a large effect on the emergence of modularity as long as the pathway is small (see Additional File 4).
The pathways in HumanCyc are small and similar to biologically functional units.
The three major pathways are the small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and PIWI small RNA (piRNA) pathways; the general functions of each are summarized in Table 1.
Although the pathway differences are smaller than those at the level of the phylum, there remain physiologically relevant, statistically significant changes between the normal and tumor metagenomes.
This is because the relevant gene content similarity in the original pathway sources is small, respectively, J = 0.03 and 0.13.
But at the single-cell level, the number of molecules of certain species critical to a particular biochemical pathway can be small, and the range of statistical variation in the system needs to be considered [ 1- 8].
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