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These pathways are separated in energy, and the interference between their transmission components can lead to constructive or destructive interference[7, 8, 18, 19].
Thus, to avoid futile cycling, these reciprocal pathways are separated into different cellular compartments and regulatory mechanisms at various levels ensure that they do not occur simultaneously.
Notably, as the distinct TLR9 signalling pathways are separated at the receptor level, enhancing the protective effect will work synergistically with the inhibition of unnecessary canonical inflammatory signalling, for example MyD88 inhibition or Unc93b1 knockdown.
The title of our manuscript had reflected the fact that these two endocytic pathways are separated by space and time and does not suggest the difference in the molecular mechanisms.
Here we propose a simple probabilistic model in which signaling pathways are separated into elementary sub-pathways or signal transmission circuits (which ultimately trigger cell functions) and then transforms gene expression measurements into probabilities of activation of such signal transmission circuits.
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This may be explained by the fact that two different signaling pathways were separated after calcium influx initiation: one leading to the ROS burst and the other to MAPKs and other gene activation [ 14].
phlGF encoding the 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase and the aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the final steps of the meta ring-cleavage pathway are separated from the rest of the other meta ring-cleavage pathway genes.
This suggests that the binding site and/or the access pathway is separated from the extracellular environment, and in this local milieu drug molecules are deprotonated.
Since the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is separated from fatty acids metabolism, perhaps the way by which the last is activated upon CHS, CHI and DFR overexpression comes from nonspecific antioxidative function of flavonoids.
In fish, the tracking and saccadic pathways are separate but converge on the abducens internuclear neurons and abducens motoneurons in the hindbrain as illustrated in Fig. 9B.
In recent work (Laganowsky et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2012), we proposed that amyloid forming proteins can enter either of two distinct aggregation pathways, which are separated by an energy barrier.
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