Most catabolic pathways are regulated by the relative proportions of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the cell.
How flowering pathways are regulated differs in plants.
Anabolic and catabolic pathways are regulated by the energy status of the cell.
However, little is known about how root-derived signaling pathways are regulated.
Activities of pathways are regulated by controlling the amounts and activities of the enzymes.
Endocytosis has many effects on signaling; in fact, signaling pathways and endocytic pathways are regulated in a reciprocal manner.
Recent studies have revealed that crucial cellular signalling pathways are regulated by the extra- and intracellular redox states and that reactive oxygen species function as intercellular signal molecules.
The chapter defines that signaling pathways are regulated at many different levels, i.e. extracellularly, in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
Recent studies have shown that alkaloid pathways are regulated at multiple levels, including cell type-specific gene expression, induction by light and elicitors, enzymatic controls, and other poorly understood metabolic mechanisms.
Most central metabolic pathways are regulated at a few key steps, typically through enzymes whose activity involves the hydrolysis of ATP.
As indicated by the DNA repair genes shown in red, many of the genes in these repair pathways are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, and these are frequently reduced or silent in various cancers (marked by an asterisk).
