The phonological cluster also overlapped with white matter regions, the location which encompasses part of the arcuate fasciculus, a key aspect of the dorsal language pathway (Wise, 2003; Catani and ffytche, 2005; Catani et al., 2005; Duffau et al., 2005; Parker et al., 2005; Saur et al., 2008).
Though individual mutation has a low frequency, their gene-wise or pathway-wise aggregate frequency could be substantially large, which makes it possible for rare variants to be the cause of common diseases.
Fisher's combination is a simple way to combine p-values of all SNPs or genes into a summary statistic determining the gene- or pathway-wise significance [ 9].
Another tool, Pathway Express, calculates the pathway-wise impact of differentially expressed genes based on normalized fold change and depicts the pathways with differentially expressed genes [ 14].
For correlation with biochemical pathways, we computed for each pair of community-pathway the community-wise and pathway-wise specificities, defined as the number of reactions shared by both the community and pathway and normalized by the size of the community and size of the pathway respectively.
Based on these definitions, if a community is completely contained within a pathway, its community-wise specificity (with respect to that pathway) is 1, and if a pathway is completely contained within a community, its pathway-wise specificity (with respect to that community) is 1.
The electron transport chain is called the Z-scheme, a typical electron pathway comprising step-wise excitation using relatively low energy.
The results of these meetings have been documented in 10 chapters in a volume with the title 'Pathways to the wise use of forests in Europe'.
A simple step-wise pathway for hemoglobin degradation was not seen.
These structures, along with the structure of apo FtsY and FtsY in the Ffh-NG·FtsY complex, can be interpreted as a series of discrete conformational states along the pathway of step-wise activation of the SRP GTPases during the formation of the SRP·SR complex and provide structural explanations for the biochemical differences observed for FtsY along the targeting cycle.
This implies, at least in part, that the biosynthetic pathway evolved step-wise by duplication and functional divergence of the biosynthetic enzymes.
