Components of the intrinsic pathway also may be activated by the extrinsic pathway; for example, in addition to activating factor X, factor VIIa activates factor IX, a necessary component of the intrinsic pathway.
In exchange, companies can ask for more targeted collaborations: ones in which the academic researcher has knowledge of a specific molecular pathway, for example, or an assay that might be used for screening.
By providing an alternative reaction pathway; for example: # Temporarily reacting with the substrate, forming a covalent intermediate to provide a lower energy transition state.
(i) The PDGFa pathway, for example, promotes cell migration, proliferation, and survival [22] [25].
The PDGFa pathway for example shows high enrichments across diseases independent of the microRNA prediction tool (see Table S1).
Targeted deletion of genes in the Ras pathway, for example, B-Raf, MEK1 and Ras-GAP, leads to vascular defects during embryogenesis [8], [9], [10], [11].
An alternative explanation is laboratory contamination, although the negative controls remained negative throughout the study and the stage of any contamination event would have to have been at an earlier part of the study pathway (for example, during DNA extraction).
In the ER stress pathway, for example, the unfolded protein response results in increased expression of protein chaperones such as GRP78 and transcription factors CHOP and ATF4 [24], [24].
Since blockade of one signaling pathway (for example VEGFR) remarkably diminishes the ability of HIV-1 to impair autophagy in bystander cells, this mechanism may be more easily exploited for therapeutic use in HIV-1+ patients.
In the major p38 MAPK pathway, for example, the p38 gene pmk-1, the MAP2K gene sek-1 and the MAP3K gene nsy-1 are crucial in both the intestine and the epidermis to counter infection.
Genes involved in protein transport are transcribed again, re-enabling the traditional secretory pathway, for example.
