Toxicologic pathology encompasses the study of changes in tissue morphology that help define the risk of exposure to xenobiotics.
Anatomic pathology encompasses the diagnostic examination of organs and tissues by a variety of macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical means.
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology encompasses all aspects of modern day forensics, equally applying to children or adults, either living or the deceased.
Inner ear pathology encompassed a host of cell types in the cochlea.
Among the pathologies encompassed by such a label [1], non-specific muscle disorders are still controversial two decades after the terms "repetitive strain injury" and "overuse syndrome" were coined to describe diffuse non-specific pain in the upper limb muscles of workers engaged in mild repetitive tasks [2], [3].
Various pathologies encompass that generic definition and are most commonly related to degenerative changes or inflammation of cervical structures such as intervertebral discs, articular facets joints or nerve roots.
Specifically, all diseases are known to possess a spectrum of pathology that encompasses hypereosinophilia, fibrosis and or, in long standing cases, calcification [15], [16].
The distribution of pathology classically encompasses three functional systems in the central nervous system (CNS); the striatonigral system, olivopontocerebellar system and autonomic nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord [ 1, 2].
The distribution of pathology classically encompasses three functional systems in the central nervous system – the striatonigral system, the olivopontocerebellar system and the autonomic system – impacting on movement, muscle control, blood pressure, heart rate and bladder function [ 84],[ 85].
This has led to detailed insights into the mechanisms of AD, such as APP processing or TAU-phosphorylation, but a coherent picture encompassing AD pathology (i.e., cause/etiology, mechanisms of development, structural changes of neurons, and clinical manifestations) is still in its infancy.
