Future studies are needed to determine if this novel endothelial cell tracer could be used to detect physiologic and pathologic variations of lung perfusion in conditions such as pulmonary hypertension.
Future studies are needed to determine if this novel endothelial cell tracer could be used to detect physiologic and pathologic variations of lung perfusion such as in pulmonary hypertension.
Using this as a basis for leaflet reconstruction might optimize the leaflet graft design process, compensate for pathologic variations in aortic annulus size and commissural height, and could result in better coaptation of the valve leaflets.
In a personal communication, one of our senior surgeons commented that it usually takes a few years for the surgeons to learn how to do the Norwood operation in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and that he should have been able to learn the procedure overnight if 3D print models of a few cases with different pathologic variations would have been available for practice.
However, apart from these classical features, considerable clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical variation has been reported.
Also in the pathologic state, some variations occur in the type as well as concentration of proteins, depending on the type of pathological condition.
Only DNA variations, pathologic or not, with a minor allele frequency higher than 0.01 were considered.
Elucidating consequences of genetic variance and particularly its impact on epigenetic regulation provides important insights into phenotype formation in natural variation and pathologic contexts, including disease risk.
Moreover, to get experience in anatomical variations or pathologic findings, a large series of patients have to be passed.
While these are useful in teaching basic principles, it is more difficult to promulgate the numerous advanced techniques or technical "tricks" that deal with anatomical variations or pathologic changes in the lung tissue.
