Table 2 Body sites and their physiological flora and potential pathogens Normal flora Potential pathogens Pathogens Skin Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (S. epidermidis etc)., diphtheroids, Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes S. aureus Throat and upper airways Viridians streptococci, Neisseria spp., Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Haemophilus.
In these individuals, not only common nosocomial agents but also very unusual pathogens, pathogens with specific cultivation demands or fastidious pathogens can be identified.
Co-evolution with pathogens: Pathogens evolve much faster than larger organisms can, and co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts shapes extremely expensive and dangerous defenses.
It would be interesting to dissect the reasons of no detection in southern Taiwan, including the presence or absence of pathogens, pathogen survival ability in high temperature, alternative hosts and environmental factors for disease development.
Innate immune responses are initiated as a result of recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of conserved molecules expressed by many pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs).
In accordance with the co-expression and GO analysis, the heat maps generated from the microarray expression analysis revealed that the transcription of AtWAKL10 and the AtWAKL10-ECGG50 are generally collectively induced in response to a range of pathogens, pathogen elicitors, pathogen related mutants and pathogen signaling molecules (Figure 6).
Sensing of danger signals, either from pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs), from exogenous agents like silica, or endogenous signals such as ATP and uric acid, induces inflammasome assembly [6].
TLRs recognize conserved microbial molecules expressed across a wide range of pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs) thereby making them potent sensors of infection and endowing them with the ability to distinguish self from non-self molecules.
These receptors recognize damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are either derived from pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs) or are self-proteins (stress or danger-associated molecular patterns, or SAMPs) [ 14, 15].
Innate immunity is the nonspecific and first line of the body's defense system, which relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRPs) to recognize broad and conserved molecular patterns found on pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) [ 16].
They are part of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family and recognize molecular patterns from pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs) or from endogenous stress-induced proteins (damage-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs) [ 6– 9].
