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Inflammatory cytokines contribute to host defenses against pathogens introduced through the airways.
In any case, the inspections cannot detect some food-borne pathogens introduced abroad by unhealthy links in the chain of imported food.
Both diseases appear to be driven by novel pathogens introduced to new geographic regions by human transport.
A major problem concerns underestimation, both on the clinical and microbiological level, of the cases of microbial pathogens introduced by internationally adopted children.
C. jejuni infection in birds is normally not associated with overt disease, but other and possibly more devastating pathogens introduced to Antarctic animals could potentially cause outbreaks.
A spatio-temporal approach is already inherent in empirical analyses of plant pathogens introduced by trade networks into the wider environment.
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In such re-infections, pathogens introduce known antigens, which are recognized by memory T cells and new antigens that activate naive T cells.
They typically have broader host range than pathogens introduce in classical biological control.
We observe that a pathogen introduced into a population containing individuals with acquired immunity can result in an epidemic longer in duration and/or larger in size than if the pathogen were introduced into a naive population.
Since spatial dependencies can lead to a decrease in detection power of monitoring systems, especially in the short-term detection of an infectious pathogen introduced in large regions [24], precise population parameters are required for each region to obtain reliable estimates of the power of the monitoring system.
Letting these species go extinct from an exotic pathogen introduced by humans would be inconsistent with the ethical obligation to conserve biodiversity.
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