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Although C. glabrata was thought to be the only pathogenic Nakaseomyces, two new pathogens have recently been described within this group: C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis.
Several highly virulent fungal pathogens have recently been discovered in natural populations, highlighting the need for a better understanding of fungal-vertebrate host-pathogen interactions.
These pathogens have recently gained even more importance, now being classified under the category of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), a group which includes both human pathogens like the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and newborn meningitic E. coli (NMEC) and animal pathogens, which in turn suggest the possibility of APEC having zoonotic potential [3] [5].
Pathogens have recently been recognized as an essential and inevitable part of all ecosystems with regulatory functions which can balance the biodiversity of an ecosystem (Lafferty 2014).
Many zebrafish infection models for bacterial pathogens have recently been developed, among which the S. typhimurium and M. marinum models are the best characterized [ 29].
Multi-host pathogens have recently become more prominent for their impact on conservation (cross-infection to endangered species) [ 30], agricultural livestock (bovine tuberculosis) [ 31], and their risk to humans (avian influenza) [ 32].
Similar(53)
The impressive diversity of MHC-related genes provided essential clues to this problem, but the re-evaluated importance of innate immunity in the defence against pathogens has recently stimulated investigations designed to thoroughly describe pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as TLRs at the genetic level in humans.
The use of phages for treating bacterial pathogens has recently been advocated as an alternative to antibiotic therapy.
The importance of NGS in ascertaining high-resolution phylogenetic and molecular epidemiological histories of infectious outbreak clones of bacterial pathogens has recently been noted [ 18, 20].
Whole-genome sequencing of pathogens has recently been used to investigate disease outbreaks and is likely to play a growing role in real-time epidemiological studies.
A reference system based on diagnostic strategies including clinical risk factors, scores for specific signs, radiological data and investigations based on culture of fungal pathogens has recently been set up.
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