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In sum, multihost pathogens can affect host communities in a range of ways, depending on the specific mechanism of spillover.
Here, we explore, theoretically, how life-history modifications of pathogens can affect the epidemiology and ecology of strain coexistence.
In similar scenarios, it's important to remember that exposure to toxins or pathogens can affect not only those directly affected by the attack or natural disaster, but also many others who simply approach the scene to offer help and find family members.
In summary, each of these common human respiratory pathogens can affect the ability of MDDC to activate CD4+ T cells.
Changing or introducing secondary disinfection practices (to kill waterborne pathogens) can affect lead levels in drinking water.
Recent evidence suggests that the presence of such microorganisms along with opportunistic pathogens can affect the infection course and outcome [ 39].
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Before weaning, dairy calves are susceptible to many pathogens which can affect their subsequent performance.
Public meat recalls are often triggered by outbreaks of disease from E. coli or other microbial pathogens that can affect dozens and sometimes hundreds of consumers.
This disturbance in the gut ecosystem might influence colonization resistance and thereby favor infections by enteric diarrhea-causing pathogens, which can affect nutrient absorption, aggravating malnutrition.
Finally, our findings could be interesting for pest control as individuals present in different clades or sub-clades may have evolved different ecological characteristics (dispersal ability, host adaptation, egg size, resistance to parasitoids or pathogens), which can affect pest management strategies.
Among the diseases caused by these pathogens that can affect humans are the following: 1) tularemia, which is a disease mainly transmitted through rabbits; 2) smallpox, which is not a cattle zoonosis; 3) l eishmaniasis, which is not a highly contagious disease; and 4) leptospirosis, which has been associated with epidemics after rainfall and flooding in relation to rodent infestation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com