Consequently, this is the locus of the statistical power of this approach, which allows specific evolutionary hypotheses to be tested by colouring the leaves using diverse categories (i.e., the different strains, pathogenicity, diseases, etc)., while clanistics methods, accounting for two categories (X vs. non-X) are still restricted to statistics on bicolour trees.
We then consider how this interplay impacts a variety of phenomena, such as pathogenicity, disease, adaptation to changing environments, differential cell-fate outcome and incomplete or partial penetrance effects.
These proteins participate in a variety of important biological functions, including among others cell adhesion and signalling, platelet aggregation, neural development, extracellular matrix assembly, bacterial pathogenicity, disease resistance and immune response [ 10- 20].
As we know, given a gene list involved in significant biological processes, signal transduction, or metabolic pathways, the pathogenicity of diseases and the roles of these genes can be inferred.
Host pathogenicity (and diseases) were then used to test whether some strains, or some sets of genes, were more likely to be subject to LGTs among particular categories (core genes vs. shell genes, pathogens vs. non-pathogens).
Comparative analysis of saprophytic and pathogenic leptospira has shown that nearly 900 genes in pathogenic strains may be contributing to the pathogenicity of disease [ 51].
To more fully elucidate pathogenicity and disease dynamics in this species, experimental reproduction of the respiratory disease in ferrets is necessary.
There is an urgent need for a clinically relevant animal model that mimics TB disease in human children to better understand early immune responses, pathogenicity and disease progression in newborn/infants.
Host immune response particularly through the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in Japanese encephalitis virus infection has not been clearly understood in relation with pathogenicity and disease severity.
The impact of these host proteins on pathogenicity and disease outcome are discussed.
Birds found dead may indicate rapid changes in host range, geographic range, viral pathogenicity, or disease emergence, and as such warrant swift investigation.
