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The rescued virus was also found to be highly pathogenic for mice by intradermal injection producing a fatal disease indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus.
It must be emphasized that all six H9N2 viruses in evaluated in this study were low pathogenic for mice as indicated by MLD50 (Table 1).
Previous studies demonstrate that VN/04 H5N1 virus is highly pathogenic for mice as a result of its rapid systemic spread [34], [35].
The Western Reserve strain of VACV (VACV-WR) is relatively more pathogenic for mice than other strains of VACV, due to its previous adaptation to grow in mouse brain [3].
In parallel, Li and colleagues have shown that reassortment between a low pathogenicity avian H5N1 strain and a human H3N2 strain can yield a new strain highly pathogenic for mice [4].
Francisella tularensis novicida strain U112 (abbreviated F. novicida), which is closely related to F. tularensis, is pathogenic for mice but not for man, making it an ideal model system for tularemia.
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Previous studies indicated that the H9N2 viruses isolated in China were heterogeneous in their pathogenicity for mice; some isolates were pathogenic and replicated systemically with high viral titers [8], [12], [13], [31], while others were less pathogenic and replicated only in respiratory organs [12], [13], [32].
Both H5N8 subtype isolates were highly pathogenic for chickens and showed moderate pathogenicity for mice.
Our results show that BTV is pathogenic for IFNAR mice mainly due to the lack of the IFN-I receptor, allowing the virus to circumvent the IFN-I response in the host.
Biotype 1A strains are considered avirulent due to the lack of the Yersinia virulence plasmid pYV [ 10], whereas biotype 1B strains are highly pathogenic and lethal for mice.
We showed that A/duck/Tuva/01/2006, isolated during the outbreak, was highly pathogenic for chickens and mice and belonged to the Qinghai-like group (2.2 clade) (6 ).
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