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Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) has emerged as a promising method for pathogen eradication and control.
Thus, the search for effective methods of pathogen eradication presents a crucial challenge for many research centers in the world [21, 22, 76].
The size of the T > MIC (the pharmacokinetic/‐dynamic target) is > 40 50% to maximise antibacterial effect and pathogen eradication for Streptococcus pneumoniae and probably also Haemophilus influenzae.
For this pathogen, eradication is hardly achieved in chronically infected patients by antibiotic treatments (Ciofu et al. 2013; Chmiel et al. 2014), while early infection eradication is more easily achieved (Schelstraete et al. 2013).
As conventional pathogen-targeted strategies have the disadvantage of inducing microbial resistance, a new approach might focus on the modulation of host cellular immunity to improve pathogen eradication (Ejim et al. 2011).
While this could explain failure of antimicrobial therapies, persistence of S. epidermidis infections in the presence of sub-inhibitory antimicrobials is additionally propelled by biofilm-related impairment of macrophage-mediated pathogen eradication.
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Since new methods of pathogens eradication must be invented and implemented, nanotechnology seems to have become the response to that acute need.
Interaction of PAMPs with PRRs results in activation of antimicrobial responses [1], such as production of antimicrobial peptides and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, necessary for pathogen's eradication.
However, endemic pathogens may move up the priority list due to changes in the international disease situation (e.g. neighbouring countries successfully implementing intervention programmes), an increase in knowledge about the pathogens, the eradication of other public health pathogens and/or the availability of new technologies.
In the ITT with pathogens population, eradication rates during therapy for moxifloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, were 231 (70.6%) out of 327 and 19658.5.5%) out of 335, respectively (p =0.0004).
S. marcescens is an ubiquitous pathogen, whose complete eradication from the environment is often difficult: a plethora of sources of infection are reported, including healthcare workers hands, infected neonates and contaminated medical devices [ 1].
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