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Current concepts of pathogen emergence employ linear descent scenarios, where horizontal acquisition of pathogenicity islands, bacteriophages, and plasmids by non-pathogens results in phylogenetically fixed pathogroups (Dozois Curtissss, 1999).
How can models provide better insights into pathogen emergence and epidemic prediction?
Identifying ecological drivers of pathogen emergence and host factors that fuel disease severity in coinfected individuals will help guide the design of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.
The challenge and new frontier of RNA virus population dynamics research is to combine multiple theoretical models and experimental data to describe viral population behavior as it changes, moving within and between hosts, to predict disease and pathogen emergence.
International trafficking of domestic animals has also contributed to pathogen emergence and spillover [59].
Thus, they could determine species ranges in future scenarios [27], with subsequent implications for pathogen emergence and spread [84].
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Disentangling the role of epidemiological factors in plant pathogen emergences is a prerequisite to identify the most likely future invaders.
Secondary end-points included time to exacerbation, emergence of new potential respiratory pathogens, emergence of resistance among baseline pathogens, changes in inflammatory biomarkers, and change in 24-h sputum volume and colour from baseline.
The genomic revolution also provided new insights into the evolution of phytobacterial pathogens, the emergence of new pathogen strains/races, host shifts in pathogen populations, and the biology of minimal-size genomes.
One pathogen whose emergence, with devastating consequences, was driven partly by ecosystem distress is HIV/AIDS.
Costs associated with this healthcare-associated pathogen, the emergence of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile, and reports of increasing incidence and severity of CDI in both hospitals and in the community have led to major efforts to control and prevent this infection [ 1– 5].
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