Sentence examples for pathogen communities from inspiring English sources

In addition, further research is needed to address the relative importance of these interactions in structuring herbivore and plant pathogen communities in natural growing conditions.

This research highlights several complex interactions that may be involved in structuring herbivore and plant pathogen communities within natural and managed ecosystems.

It has been suggested that insular populations have naturally impoverished pathogen communities [17], [18] and diminished immunocompetence, probably as a result of low exposition and reduced selection for parasite resistance during their evolutionary history [19] [21].

Intraspecific variation in soil feedbacks has also been demonstrated [ 62] which suggests that plant genotypes within a population might differ in the pathogen communities that they accumulate and/or in their vulnerability to the same pathogen communities.

Guégan et al. (2001) proposed that this variation was at least partially attributable to the diversity of pathogen communities.

Theoretical modelling and empirical analyses show that pathogen interactions could have profound implications for the pathogen communities [ 51, 59– 61].

Given that we did not conduct any experiments on animals, our results are correlative but still compatible with a scenario of immune naïveté in insular vertebrates; their immune systems have evolved in an environment with a naturally impoverished pathogen community and are incapable of fighting efficiently against newly arrived pathogens [54] [58].

Considering the isolation of Rimitara, the small island size (ca. 8 km2), and the paucity of alternative terrestrial reservoirs for pathogens (four species including junglefowl and one introduced finch), our failure to detect haematozoa in A. rimitarae (as well as in the co-occurring finch Lonchura castaneothorax, n = 10) may reflect an impoverished pathogen community in general.

Invasive vertebrate species can act as hosts for endemic pathogens and may alter pathogen community composition and dynamics.

This is highly relevant to the current interest in the importance of interspecies interactions in pathogen community dynamics [ 17, 63].

These novel alleles may indicate adaptation to the pathogen community found in captivity (Fig.  1), although further sampling along with functional testing is needed for verification.