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This protocol consists of two functions namely, path discovery and path maintenance.
The disconnected links cannot be fixed by the local path maintenance scheme.
Owing to multiple path maintenance, AMQR and AntHocNet can achieve good packet delivery ratio at shorter pause time.
There is no need of path maintenance [4, 8, 11, 22] as each node has to memorize its one-hop neighbors through beaconing.
The multiple routes are estimated using the ant colony optimization algorithm and the link failures are managed using the path maintenance scheme.
It combines the reactive path setup phase with the proactive path maintenance, and also makes use of a local repair mechanism.
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For example, citizens requested better public transport (more frequent and reliable bus services), better bicycle paths (maintenance and separation from the cars) as well as safer infrastructure for pedestrians (special crossings and street lights).
While data transmission is going on, it is also required to maintain paths during route maintenance phase which is desirable and required in mobile ad hoc networks.
The process of maintenance of the paths is called route maintenance and starts whenever a node i detects a link failure.
For the route maintenance, when a path is invalid, the affected node does not immediately send a cognitive radio routing error (CR3ER) to the source node.
In the route maintenance phase, it monitors the network topology changes by delay prediction and performs rerouting before the paths become unavailable.
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