Indeed, in 1999, Su et al. [1] ascertained 17 Y-chromosome haplogroups based on 19 East Asian-specific biallelic markers that reveal the paternal structures of populations in East Asia.
Accordingly, combined analysis using these 2 types of polymorphic markers increases the power of the NRY for use in tracing human evolution as well as migration through different geographic locales and time scales, and therefore could also be effective in depicting the paternal structures of populations.
The Belgian colonial system maintained a rigorous paternal structure, however, and, although more subjects became literate in Congo than in other colonies, few could aspire to higher skills or managerial posts.
As shown in the PC analysis, the paternal structure for the EC high-risk CSP differs from that for the Guangzhou and Hakka Hans, although they are in geographic proximity and all consider themselves descendants of north-central China Hans.
The fairly homogeneous paternal structure of Guinea-Bissau (D = 0.470, sd 0.033), is not surprising given the general landscape of sub-Saharan low Y-chromosomal haplogroup diversity [ 2, 27] and its reported east-to-west decline along a Central African corridor [ 28].
Many genetic studies of sub-Saharan Y chromosome variation have paid special attention to the large-scale Bantu expansions, and the particular pool of the "relic" Central African Pygmies and the South African Khoisan [ 1- 7], while little is known about the events that have shaped the paternal structure of Equatorial West Africans.
Li, D., Li, H., Ou, C., Lu, Y., Sun, Y., Yang, B. et al. Paternal genetic structure of Hainan aborigines isolated at the entrance to East Asia.
The paternal genetic structure of the three EC high-risk populations is distinct from those of other Chinese Hans.
We demonstrated that the paternal genetic structure of Hainan aborigines is apparently different from the mainland East Asian populations.
Together they could have important role in paternal chromatin structure following fertilization [ 10].
The resulting paternal blocking structure can be used for phasing and imputation of sire genotypes.
