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For sons, the F-statistic for the joint significance of all the instruments in the Paternal Schooling Equation is 10.51.
Both maternal and paternal schooling was higher in the SCD teen group (p < .001).001
The average paternal schooling was lowest in Ethiopia (4.9 completed grades) and highest in Peru (9.1 completed grades).
Paternal schooling was highest in Vietnam (7.6 y) and lowest in Ethiopia (3.7 y) while maternal schooling ranges from 2.7 y in Ethiopia to 6.8 y in Vietnam.
However, it is possible that other early socioeconomic factors such as paternal schooling might also play some role in the associations found, but it is not available in ELSA-Brasil.
In Ethiopia, the relative importance of maternal schooling, paternal schooling, and household wealth is virtually identical and the most advantaged children score about one-third of a standard deviation higher on cognitive tests.
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Figure 4 Distribution of paternal school leaving age by third of year of birth.
The F-statistic for maternal schooling and paternal earnings are 13.11 and 23.71 respectively.
For example, paternal union membership has a significant effect in the maternal schooling equation.
Community-level education is often measured by maternal schooling, but a similar pathway could operate for paternal education (Kravdal 2004).
A significantly increased OR was seen for paternal high school educational attainment and retinoblastoma (OR=1.45 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.10)), but there was no consistently increased pattern overall.
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