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However, cybrid line fecundities were significantly lower than the paternal parental strain in one cross direction.
Any phenotypic differences between a cybrid and its paternal parental population (nuclear genome donor) can be attributed to having replaced one mitotype with the other.
Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we constructed low-cost, reasonably high-density linkage maps for both maternal and paternal parental genomes of an autotetraploid alfalfa F1 population.
In addition to mitochondrial nuclear effects, it is also important to address whether additional environmental or cytoplasmic factors might explain the phenotypic differences, particularly in fecundity, that we observe between cybrids and their paternal parental strains.
Quantification of in vivo Nile Red fluorescence in parental and cybrid strains revealed a statistically significant increase in whole-body lipid content in both cybrid cross directions compared to the paternal parental strains.
As is convention in the literature for analysis of cybrid phenotypes (e.g., Sackton et al. 2003; Ellison and Burton 2006; Ellison et al. 2008; Hicks et al. 2012), we first combined data from independent experimental and biological replicates and then compared each cybrid cross direction to its paternal parental population.
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We then partition variation in embryonic phenotypic performance to maternal, paternal, and parental interactions using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) model.
This change in focus has raised questions about the length and payment level of available maternal, paternal and parental childcare leaves and about the right mix of paid leaves and ECEC services.
To assure that the relative competitive of the parental females in this experiment were due to genetic rather than environmentally induced maternal, paternal or grandparent effects, all parental flies were simultaneously raised under equivalent density, sex ratio and age conditions.
Of the singleton children with dietary data, there were 5717 maternal-child pairs, 3009 paternal-child pairs, and 2968 parental-offspring trios available for the main analyses.
The second mediation model evidenced in our results focused on both paternal and maternal attachment and showed that the somatic condition of migraine acted as a stressor, reducing children's perception of the security of their parental attachments.
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