There was no strong statistical evidence of differences between any of the maternal and paternal estimates except with regard to parental smoking during pregnancy and offspring AMH levels (for difference between maternal and paternal estimates, P = 0.06).
Numbers included in analyses are presented in Figure 1 and Tables 1– 4. Differences between maternal and paternal estimates were tested using a Wald test in a model in which both maternal and paternal estimates were included.
Maternal and paternal estimates of exposure were related to the risk of ALL in their offspring using logistic regression and adjusting for potential confounders.
For the paternal estimated PBB only model (n = 179 offspring, 118 fathers), the adjusted odds ratio was larger than in Table 3, Model 2 (paternal estimated PBB ≥ 6 μg/L: AOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 0.94 2.83; referent group: paternal estimated PBB < 6 μg/L).
Because of a significant interaction found between GNI and paternal smoking, estimates are given for paternal smoking by GNI category.
SNP rs3817198 in LSP1, previously shown to exhibit POE, yielded maternal and paternal RR estimates that were similar to those previously reported (paternal RR=1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99 1.27), P=0.081, one-sided P=0.04; maternal RR=0.94 (95% CI: 0.84 1.06), P=0.33).
Figure 5 shows prediction accuracies of estimated paternal genetic effects and posterior mean heritability estimates, obtained when fitting the dnIGE model to simulated data sets that considered different observation periods [ 0, T ], such that disease prevalences in these data sets varied from 20%to100%00 %.
Maternal and paternal mutually adjusted estimates and results of the Wald tests for a difference between estimates are provided in Table 3.
For the exposure variables, PBB and PCB concentrations were modeled as: two groups, split at the median concentrations (medians: 3 μg/L for maternal enrollment PBB, 2 μg/L for maternal estimated PBB, 6 μg/L for paternal enrollment and estimated PBB, 6 μg/L for maternal PCB, and 8 μg/L for paternal PCB); and as continuous variables, log-transformed because of their skewed distributions.
There was also an interaction between GNI and paternal smoking, so estimates are given for paternal smoking by GNI.
Considering the estimated paternal contribution by Europeans for modern Jamaicans is estimated at just over 40% [ 10], African-European admixture may have played an important role in the legacy of the slave population.
