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Figure 1 Post compulsory participation by paternal education.
The gap between the effect of maternal and paternal education increases when measures of, or proxies for, income are introduced since paternal education is correlated with paternal income.
In twin studies, the maternal effect is small and about half of the paternal education effect.
For white-collar fathers, there is a weak effect of paternal education on sons.
The impact of paternal education is somewhat lower especially for daughters.
Since paternal occupation is correlated both with paternal education and (permanent) income, the estimates for these parameters are reduced.
Least squares revealed conventional results - stronger effects of maternal than paternal education and stronger effects on sons than daughters.
The effect of paternal education is reduced by 20% and the income effects are reduced by 40% compared to (1) and (2) respectively, highlighting the correlation between paternal education and income.
To investigate whether birth weight and paternal education may have independent and interactive effects on the learning achievement of adolescents.
Trends with paternal education were also weak, and differed in infants and children.
The paternal education variable had an additional category for those with greater than 15 years of education.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com