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In Alio et al's (2010) study of feto-infant health they acknowledge that paternal behaviours in the maternal period can have long-lasting effects on the child's health [ 15].
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"If anything," Miller says, "I have always experienced paternal behaviour – protective, slightly possessive, even.
This study showed that experienced male marmosets can express paternal behaviour in the absence of the high prolactin levels normally seen after infants are born.
The word "brutal" is used of the cockney farmer's paternal behaviour, who leaves his baby hanging on a tree, and gets away from his nagging wife at every opportunity.
Fathers on Leave Alone in Iceland: Normal Paternal Behaviour?
Apart from the influence of the environment on paternal germ-line development, it is conceivable that paternal behaviour during the periconceptual period could impact on maternal stress levels, and subsequently on the offspring behaviour.
Second, regulations at home are often not concordant with paternal behaviour.
First, the traditional patriarchal society allows paternal behaviour to have a greater influence on both the regulations at home and the effect of these regulations on adolescents.
For example, Yu and Perrine 10 reported that paternal drinking behaviours influence the drinking behaviours of sons, whereas maternal drinking behaviours influence those of daughters.
Overall, the influences of paternal drinking behaviours and attitudes on adolescent drinking behaviour were significant regardless of gender.
Of the few studies investigating paternal smoking behaviours, a German study using data from a national health survey conducted in 1984 1986 found that paternal smoking behaviours were much less affected by the birth of their children, compared to maternal smoking behaviour [ 12].
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