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The case study concerns seasonal upland pastoral settlement patterns in the eastern Italian Alps.
In three short decades successive governors, British soldiers and convicts had done much to tame the inhospitable wilderness immediately around Botany Bay, while pushing pastoral settlement further towards the heart of Captain Cook's great southern land.
Meanwhile, by some estimates at least 2,000 early soldiers, police and settlers died at the hands of Aboriginal raiders who resisted the pastoral settlement on traditional lands, stole livestock and carried out retaliatory raids, sometimes on the innocent.
But during the 1840s a bank was established, a tiny export trade began in sandalwood and horses, Spanish Benedictines established a monastery at New Norcia, and a pastoral settlement opened up the Geraldton district, 300 miles (500 km) north of Perth.
The British Museum is under increasing pressure, not least from Australian Indigenous peoples, to permanently return items in its collection, many of which were acquired under circumstances that were at best ambiguous or at worst extremely violent, as frontier conflict raged across the Australian continent in line with dispossession and pastoral settlement, after invasion in 1788.
Thus, pastoral settlement is not a viable and sustainable option for pastoral development.
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