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"When you become nostalgic, you don't become past-oriented.
In the grouping of past-oriented thought," he says, "nostalgia stands out as adaptive".
Only about 1percentt of those they have surveyed are past-oriented.
A strongly past-oriented person may find this difficult to understand.
And of course there are past-oriented emotions, such as remorse or regret or shame: through these the past can influence our present feelings, often in powerful ways.
Depressive self-talk is past-oriented, stable, and focused on loss and failure (Beck and Clark 1997; Ronan and Kendall 1997).
Many people are past-oriented people, some are present-oriented people, and fewer others are future-oriented.
Two classics on time and deontic logic are Thomason 1981b and Thomason 1981a, where temporal and deontic interactions are discussed, including an often invoked distinction between deliberative 'ought's (future-oriented/decision-oriented 'ought's) versus judgmental 'ought's (past, present or future oriented 'ought's from a purely evaluative, rather than action-oriented perspective).
"It was a blinkered, money-oriented perspective that drove us to this problem," she added.
While with IBM, Russo developed a customer-oriented perspective that would influence her future management style.
Data were analyzed from a product- and process-oriented perspective.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com