The two areas consist of complex mosaics, reflecting past logging activities as well as vigorous post-logging regrowth.
The presence of residual trees left after clearcutting may explain why regeneration level was relatively good (>50%) in stands affected by past logging activities.
Marsh grasses gave way to towering forests of spruce, pine and cedar, but I stopped looking up, needing all my concentration to maneuver past logs and rocks submerged in the shallow water.
Current forest stand structure, after extended fire exclusion and past logging across the three sites, also varied with a reverse-J distribution indicating strong dominance by small trees for two of the study sites and a truncated age distribution at the other site.
The 'Khasi hill sal' forest ecosystem is richer in alpha and beta diversity than most sal-dominated forests, but past logging has reduced basal area.
To ensure that the grizzlies have enough salmon to eat, the Homalco run a salmon fish hatchery to supply Coho and chum salmon while mitigating the effects of past logging and ongoing landslides on the natural salmon population.
Apparently, anthropogenic interference in form of past logging of trees by the foresters for supply of sal logs, and small timber extraction for households (especially poles) have eliminated large girth trees from the forest.
Scarcity of high-value timber species reflected past logging, whereas abundance of light-demanding species, and species valued for fruits, provided evidence of human-aided forest restoration and 'enrichment' in terms of useful trees.
In our classification all participants either residing or with past logging contracts within the watershed where they solicited a concession unit were labelled 'locals', whereas all the rest were labelled 'non-locals'.
An important feature of the scoring system was that it explicitly favoured local actors; the closer to the solicited concession unit the applicant resided or had past logging contracts, the higher the score obtained.
Carbon density in terms of the sum of above-ground, fine roots, and soil organic carbon varied greatly among forest stands reflecting the past logging intensity and recovery processes (Figure 2).
