Fewer workers will pay contributions into pay-as-you-go state pension systems; more people will be drawing a pension from them.The shock to state pension systems is not caused only by past fluctuations in fertility the ageing of the baby-boomers, as they become pensioners, and their replacement by a smaller generation of younger workers.
A fossil record of those past fluctuations can still be seen, imprinted on the CMB.
The current status and past fluctuations of glaciers across Iceland provide independent spatial and temporal constraints to the model.
Carbon isotope records from organic matter provide a key data set for constraining past fluctuations in the isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide (δ13Catm), hydrologic conditions, and plant community composition.
In the Himalaya, most large rivers feature prominent fill terraces that record an imbalance between sediment supply and transport capacity, presumably due to past fluctuations in monsoon precipitation and/or effects of glaciation at high elevation.
Specifically, at a relevant approximation we can describe this particular system as monitoring the magnitude of its past fluctuations with a characteristic scale of a month, from which it computes the level of impact resulting in an excess of volatility.
Allelic diversity has been considered as an alternative measure of genetic diversity, particularly from a long-term perspective because the limits to response to selection are determined by the initial number of alleles and because allelic diversity is more sensitive to bottlenecks than EH and therefore reflects better past fluctuations in population size [ 20].
Research the currency in the country you will be visiting, paying specific attention to its past fluctuations against your home country's currency.
On the one hand, it is understood that the impact of the price fluctuations (or trading activity) on the volatility does not merely come from recent price fluctuations and it does actually involve past price fluctuations.
To reconstruct past glacier fluctuations, we map ridges of rock debris that form at glacier edges called moraines.
