Ongoing fluid and vasopressor resuscitation should be guided by mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure variation, passive leg-raising maneuvers, urine output, oxygenation as well as cardiac output (determined noninvasively), and extravascular lung water measurement [13, 26, 27].
By contrast, dynamic tests (pulse pressure variation, passive leg raising and endexpiratory occlusion tests) are far more reliable to predict fluid responsiveness/unresponsiveness [ 8, 9].
Quantitative evolutionary genetic models predict that the phenotypic plasticity of a trait is costly or physiologically limiting when the trait is forced to respond to environmental variation ("passive" response).
Ongoing fluid and vasopressor resuscitation should be guided by mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure variation, passive leg-raising maneuvers, urine output, oxygenation as well as cardiac output (determined noninvasively), and extravascular lung water measurement [ 13, 26, 27].
These interventions were analysed alongside simulated passive buffering of variations in indoor air psychrometric conditions using conventional (clay, timber) and advanced (mesoporous silica) wall surface treatments.
The variation in passive ET function within children was of similar magnitude as the variation in passive ET function between children.
Correlation between CRT variation after passive leg raising and after the fluid load was r = 0.74 (p < 0.001).
Although there are multiple methods to evaluate fluid status in the cardiopulmonary patient, including history and physical exam, FOCUS for inferior vena cava measurement, central venous pressure measurement, stroke volume variation, and passive leg raise, there remains no clear foolproof method for this evaluation.
Large UIRs could arise through "passive" indirect forces of variation generation, such as replication slippage, transposable element insertion, and chromosomal rearrangement.
In septic shock, pulse pressure or cardiac output variation during passive leg raising are preload dependence indices reliable at predicting fluid responsiveness.
