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Prior to each passive trial, the subject was instructed to relax while the tester performed maximal HLR and then returned to the start position.
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BOLD responses in active trials were compared to those elicited in passive trials where subjects merely watched the letter stream passively while maintaining central fixation.
Then the subjects completed a practice block (9 active trials and 9 passive trials), during which 16 video clips of each subject's movement were recorded.
Subjects were instructed to remain relaxed throughout the passive trials.
Similarly, an estimate for passive stiffness was calculated from 0 to 100%% for the passive trials.
Four subjects with LBP were eliminated from the data because muscle activity was detected during all passive trials.
Electromyographic (EMG) data were collected to assess muscle activity during the passive trials using a Myosystem 1400 A (Noraxon, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA).
The active and active-instructed trials were completed prior to passive trials so that the tester's movement of the hip during the passive trials would not affect the subject's performance during either the active or the active-instructed condition.
To prevent the ultrasound probe from slipping during the MVC and passive trials, we placed it in a custom-built case of Styrofoam and secured it with elastic bands.
Muscle activity was recorded bilaterally from the following muscles: latissimus dorsi [ 33], lumbar erector spinae [ 34], multifidus [ 35], rectus abdominus [ 34], internal oblique [ 34], external oblique, and lateral hamstrings [ 36] during the passive trials.
It is also interesting in the current study that the data from 4 people with LBP, but none without LBP, were removed from analyses because of their inability to relax the monitored trunk and limb muscles during the passive trials.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com