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A country used to a feeling of command and control has been whipsawed into a state of perpetual reaction, swinging wildly between passive fear and fevered, often thoughtless, activity, at a high cost to its self-confidence.
This brain network underlies the so-called "passive fear reactions".
When a quail emerged from the box, the experimenter noted its comfort activities and active and passive fear behaviours.
Recent evidence in animals indicates that passive fear responses can be reduced if the animal engages in a motor action during the occurrence of the conditioned stimulus [4], [5].
LTI young reared by LTI females (LL) expressed more fear responses than did LTI chicks reared by STI quail (LS) in front of the experimenter (except for passive fear responses in the hand-on-home-cage-door tests where only a tendency could be evidenced) (Table 2).
Data from individual tests were used to analyse maternal effect: latencies of behaviour, tonic immobility scores, total occurrence (active fear behaviour, comfort activities) and relative frequencies (passive fear behaviour) (N chicks: 57 CL vs 64 CS, 55 LL vs 54 LS, 45 SL vs 32 SS).
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Peace, love, and solidarity was the code amongst skaters of the neon spandex era, but as we entered the vibin' 90s and thugged out urban street skating became the norm, Howard, the consummate passive Canadian, feared being ostracized for his Vancouver roots.
"But taking passive steps for fear of losing its biggest customer will slow down strong growth momentum at its telecoms business, which Samsung doesn't want to see as the business is set to become the biggest earnings generator this year and make up for weakening chip profits.
In the passive avoidance test, fear memory can be detected in mice as an attempt to flee.
In this context, it has previously been shown that IL-1 receptor activation is necessary for memory tasks such as passive avoidance, contextual fear conditioning or the Morris water maze [4] [7].
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