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The questionnaire consists of 47 items divided into 7 subscales measuring seven different coping strategies: 1. 'Active problem solving', 2. 'Palliative responses', 3. 'Avoidance and passive expectancy', 4. 'Seeking social support', 5. 'Depressive reaction pattern', 6. 'Expressing emotions' and 7. 'Comforting cognitions'.
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Based on the distinction between passive or automatic expectancies and active or conscious expectancies [9], sequential effects observed at long RSIs are thought to be caused by active variants of expectancy [10], [11].
That is, as suggested by [9], passive or automatic expectancies produce processing benefits for expected events but no costs for unexpected ones whereas active expectancies produce both benefits and costs.
The Institute of Occupational Medicine estimates that tackling the issue would have a bigger impact on life expectancy than eliminating passive smoking or road traffic accidents.
Passive aggression or passiveness.
Subjective expectancies are considered to be active because they take longer to develop than the passive ones [7] and because only active expectancies are thought to produce benefits for expected events and costs for unexpected ones.
Most RFID applications deployed today use passive tags because they usually do not require internal batteries and have longer life expectancy.
The idea that older people have somehow had "a fair innings" when they near their life expectancy – currently defined at around 80 years – is, in effect, a form of passive euthanasia.
Banerjee et al. (2008) also concluded that the passive transfer of ex vivo activated CD4+ T lymphocytes into mSOD1 mice improved neurological function and life expectancy.
On that basis, transport-related air pollution (PM2.5) is estimated to reduce life expectancy by a few months, an effect similar to, or a little greater than, the estimated effect of passive smoking [ 67].
Eventually, life expectancy suffers.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com