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For example, it is often claimed that passive clauses have very much the same kinds of underlying structures as the synonymous active clauses, and thus a passive clause like (Aii) would have an underlying structure much like (T1).
For example, the presence/absence of a given element of clause structure yields two different structural types of clause: no change of rank is involved.
In production of language, children across the world proceed from prelinguistic babbling to one-word utterances and on to early word combinations, grammatical clause structure, and clause combining.
Experiment 3 compared materials in which a quantifier was rotated through subject positions of a nested relative clause structure.
Unlike typical Clients in English, this participant cannot be made the Subject of a passive clause.
Otros cannot be made Subject of a passive clause: Otros fueron dados muerte* (Others were given death*).
Secondly, los campesinos (the peasants) can be made Subject of a passive clause: Los campesinos fueron asesinados (por los subversivos) (The peasants were murdered (by the subversives)).
The primary contrast of interest is between the 2 types of embedded clause, but the active condition was included as "filler" to reduce subjects' habituation to the relative clause structure and also included in analyses of behavioral data.
As the simple active sentence structure is not central to the hypotheses of the experiment, only the conditions involving a relative clause structure (SS and SO) were included in the ANOVA, resulting in a 2 × 2 factorial design.
Larson proposes that both of these points about passive clauses have analogs in the structure of double-object VPs.
In other words, passive clauses look much more like their active counterparts in underlying structure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com