Mass per passenger-kilometer emission factors over a segment were calculated by dividing the mass per passenger emission factors over a segment by the distance of the segment.
No studies were found that estimate trip-based per passenger emission factors from exhaust emissions measured directly from the locomotive engine during operation.
This will, he claims, encourage airlines to increase their efficiency (by reducing per-passenger emissions) and to use the latest and most efficient planes to further reduce their tax bills.
One extensive study compares emission rates from numerous alternative land-based transportation modes and fuels, with passenger rail emission rates estimated from published emissions data [16].
Over 200 indicators relating to passenger transport, emissions and energy and demand management were reported.
First is an inventory of passenger car emissions, by fuel type: gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity.
The empirical-based method to comparing rail and passenger car emissions on a per passenger-kilometer basis can be extended to additional locomotives and highway vehicles.
Under the 1990 Clean Air Act, EPA regulations for passenger vehicles emissions became stricter than those in Europe.
Friends of the Earth executive director Tony Juniper welcomed the initiative as an example of a transport company cutting passengers' carbon emissions "by actually making a real reduction rather than just offsetting".
Direct CO2 passenger-car emissions may thus be considered here since they equal GHG emissions with a low error rate.
