Our study shows that after second passage transmission of H-BSE in C57Bl/6 mice, the features described after first passage transmission [27] were maintained in most of the mice.
Neuropathological analyses of mice, after third passage transmission from a mouse with "C-BSE like" PrPres, again indicated similarities with classical BSE as illustrated by the comparative PrPd brain mapping (Figures 3 and 4B).
In addition, after first-passage transmission of H-BSE, C57Bl/6 wild-type mice showed different features from classical BSE, including the distinct molecular features that characterize the disease in cattle [26], [27].
In serial passage experiments, transmission is ensured by the researcher, and therefore selection on the pathogen acts only on within-host fitness and not on between-host fitness.
In addition to the disputes over transmission, passage of the overall measure, which grew out of the 2001 energy report by the Bush administration, depends on the ability of its authors to work out resolutions to unrelated fights over oil and gas exploration, subsidies for nuclear power, global warming and other contentious issues.
Unless transovarial transmission (passage of virus from female to offspring through the egg) is much more important than it appears to be, other mechanisms are at play.
Political parties openly demand postponement of the project because it interferes with local electoral campaigns and engenders strong opposition.17 Second is the South-East Direct Current Passage project: it concerns transmission lines from eastern to southern Germany.
This secondary passage revealed that the transmission properties of the Mi PrPSc, i.e., 129 M/M mouse-passaged sCJD-VV2, are identical to those of the parental V2 PrPSc.
In spite of the fact that late-onset (LOS) neonatal infection may occur through vertical transmission during passage through the birth canal leading to colonization and, later, to infection [ 50], the majority of the LOS in newborn infants is usually hospital-acquired infection [ 26].
Serial-passage experiments simulating horizontal transmission are well known to produce increases on parasite's virulence due to enhanced within-host competition among pathogenic strains, the decoupling between intra-host growth rate and transmission rate, and the lack of evolutionary innovation in the host [34].
Nasal-wash samples, collected at 3 dpi from ferrets at passage 10, were used in transmission experiments to test whether airborne-transmissible virus was present in the virus quasi-species.
