The LGAQ encourage councils to use apps but advise buying them "off the shelf" or partnering with software developers as it can be more benefitial than going it alone.
Like BT, which reinvigorated its TV offering by partnering with YouView and poaching prime sports deals such as rights for Premier League and Champions League football, the goal is to secure customers looking for an enhanced amount of services and content from one provider.
Action for Children is partnering with Essex county council on the bond, also managed by Social Finance.
Jeff Kelisky, Multimap's chief executive, said: "Partnering with Microsoft gives us a world of new opportunities to build our mapping services into new technologies and applications".
In January, he published proposals for creating a "Thames City" south-eastern economic powerhouse, a partnering of Greater London with much of the wider south-east of England and providing it with tax raising powers.
It works through an open-source model, partnering with not-for-profit refugee organisations including the Red Cross and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) as well as corporate tech partners such as Erickson and Google.
These involve cities partnering with non-profit organisations to keep prices low by taking advantage of the economies of scale and sidestepping many of the legal and corporate hurdles that accompany PPPs.
If you are interested in partnering with Guardian Masterclasses, visit our Partnerships page for more info.
Another complication is that some checkpoint inhibitors may, alone, work on perhaps 20% of patients, but when combined with another could be far more successful.Indeed, the industry is now in a frenzy of partnering, with companies speed-dating their rivals to form treatment alliances.
Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly partnering with smaller specialist firms and academia.
It is an even more amazing tale: a poor provincial boy astonishes everyone with his dancing, joins the Kirov ballet company, goes on tour with them, thrills Paris, is fingered by the KGB, defects spectacularly and, at 23, takes the West by storm partnering its greatest ballerina, Margot Fonteyn, aged 42.
