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Eukaryotic cells ensure the fair partitioning of mitochondria using a variety of strategies.
The correct partitioning of mitochondria into daughter cells during cell division requires precise orchestration, since defects in this process are likely to have serious consequences for daughter cells.
We also note that our results in mice are broadly consistent with findings from recent experiments in other organisms, suggesting that in primates and humans, heteroplasmy variance may increase at early developmental stages (Monnot et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2012), and that partitioning of mitochondria is binomial in HeLa cells (Johnston et al., 2012).
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A tentative explanation for the mitochondrial mosaics is, in patient 1, unequal partition of mutated mitochondria during mitoses, and in patients 2 and 3, an interaction between products of several genes required for mtDNA maintenance.
Tentative explanations for the mitochondrial mosaics are, in one patient, unequal partition of mutated mitochondria during mitoses, and in two others, an interaction between products of several genes required for mtDNA maintenance.
Drp1 has been reported to be a substrate for both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 conjugation, and it has been suggested that SUMOylation may regulate the partitioning of Drp1 between mitochondria and the cytosol (Wasiak et al, 2007; Figueroa-Romero et al, 2009).
The partitioning of HRES-1/Rab4 to mitochondria was markedly reduced in lupus T cells relative to matched healthy controls (−52±12%, p=0.005; figure 2B).
Our analysis shows that Myo19 is indeed localized to mitochondria and that its silencing leads to defects in the distribution of mitochondria within cells and in mitochondrial partitioning at division.
Therefore, the dividing cell employs partitioning strategies to ensure that each daughter cell inherits equal complements of mitochondria as well as other subcellular organelles.
These two tRNase ZLs are most likely localized to the nucleus and mitochondria, respectively, suggesting partitioning of tRNase Z function between two different tRNase ZLs in fission yeasts.
RAL-induced fission of mitochondria in mitosis has very recently been proposed to contribute to their partitioning at cell division [ 36].
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