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Scientists found that the offspring of mice conditioned to experience fear when exposed to a particular odour became fearful when they were exposed to the same smell.
In a normal mouse's olfactory bulb, there are 10m neurons in total, with about 4,000 specialised for a particular odour.
Since there are millions of olfactory receptor cells, the degree of convergence of axons, and therefore of information about a particular odour, is enormous.
This was more difficult than it sounds, since the relative concentrations of the various compounds that correspond to a particular odour can vary from one sample to another.
Experiential imprinting at an early stage of development enables a grown fish to respond to waters that contain substances with a particular odour or that have a characteristic temperature.
And the fruit fly is complex enough to show sophisticated behaviour, such as learning to associate a particular odour with a reward such as sugar, while being simple enough to comprehend – it has around 100,000 neurons, compared to our many billions.
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Fig wasps should be able to distinguish the particular odours emitted by hosts from other volatile compounds [ 30- 32].
Therefore, adult females must be able to distinguish the particular odours emitted by their host plant from the myriad of other volatile compounds.
In blocks of trials, particular odours preceded a reward (water), a punishment (bitter-tasting quinine, or an airpuff to the face) or nothing, so that the mice learned to associate an odour with a particular outcome.
Perfumes may employ particular body odour components that are considered attractive or may use floral, fruity, minty, or other fragrances, depending on the society.
Odour wheels are dynamic tools: they evolve when new information is gained about the causes of a particular smell [50].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com