While no doubt these have all achieved excellence in particular fields, none is a school-level educational professional.
One explanation is that student test scores don't correlate very closely with how a country actually excels in particular fields.
Mr Hutchins predicts that specialist translation systems will proliferate, as users in particular fields demand higher quality free translations.
It offers lectures by scholars chosen for eminence in their particular fields without reference to academic qualifications.
As a result, says Mr Tadmor, they cannot compete globally by attracting the best staff to excel in particular fields.
Another obstacle, experts say, is the insistence of many firms on marketing themselves as "full-service law firms," rather than as leaders in particular fields.
The members of the faculty were experts in their particular fields and their task was to continue to improve their scholarly expertise.
Where the standard account saw steady, cumulative "progress", he saw discontinuities – a set of alternating "normal" and "revolutionary" phases in which communities of specialists in particular fields are plunged into periods of turmoil, uncertainty and angst.
As realized, it is an entirely pragmatic solution to a common institutional problem: how to accommodate an expanding collection of books without having to divide particular fields of information over more than one floor.
Alexander added that he was willing to consider extensions to the field allowance regime to provide tax breaks for particular fields if they have problems such as deep wells or heavy oil.
They are the kind of people who cultivate deep intellectual interests in particular fields like Japanese animation and science fiction, according to research done for I.B.M. by Renegade, a marketing firm.
