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E. Moore, 'A Defence of Common Sense' (1925: 217)] "'Surface,' it is true, is a substantive in grammar; but it is not the name of a particular existent, but of an attribute".
Indeed, metaphysics even demonstrates "the principles of the particular sciences" that investigate "the states of particular existent things" (Ilāhiyyāt, I, 2, 14, 18 15, 7) and are subordinate to it (Bertolacci 2006: Ch. 7).
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Whereas the contingency of particular existents is generally undisputed, the contingency of the universe deserves some defense (see 3.2).
The other is the assumption that intentional relations involving non-existent (e.g., fictitious) entities should be clarified by reference to intentional relations involving particulars existing in space and time.
Universals, attributes and concepts are theoretical constructs for the Buddhists; what is sensed is the actual object, the exclusive particular, the ultimate existent.
Hence, states of affairs that contain contingently existing particulars are themselves contingent existents.
Second, the particulars are real or existent because they have causal efficacy (arthakriyāsāmarthya).
All unique particulars which are ultimately existent, are necessarily produced, since only those that are ultimately existent, insofar as Dharmakīriti is concerned, are able to a perform causal function i.e., to produce effects.
Regarding crime, Póvoa de Varzim is considered by the Polícia de Segurança Pública as a "calm" zone in all categories of offense; violent crime, in particular, is practically non-existent.
If, on the other hand, an effect is found, the effect may be non-existent in particular subgroups.
Whatever is non-existent remains non-existent for ever and whatever is existent always exists.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com