As a measure of coarse particles, we calculated PM7 2.5 by subtracting PM2.5 from SPM.
Since nanoparticle exposure and infection with Salmonella share the characteristic of being exposure to particles we calculated the enrichment of genes differentially expressed in response to both nanoparticles and Salmonella infection (particulate response) to those differentially expressed in response to all TLR agonist treatments (non-particulate response).
Nonetheless, from the selected 51,366 particles we calculated a 4.2 Å map, which was of sufficient quality to build a reliable main-chain model, although the density for many side chains was less clear.
In order to find the effect of the dielectric shell on the fluorescence quenching from gold particle, we calculated the quantum efficiency of the shell-coated gold nanosphere [11], (1).
To understand in detail the effect of OXCA adsorption on the particle shape, we calculated the adsorption energies of OXCA and the OXCA-adsorbed surface free energies on Au (100), (110), and (111), respectively.
In addition to clarifying the size of the resuspended particles, we also calculated the solubility and found that coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles from the near road sample were 35, 81, and 85% water soluble, respectively.
Thus, the final velocity v of an electrosprayed particle accelerated through a potential V is a function of the potential difference V, the solvent surface tension γ, the droplet (or particle) radius r, and particle density p. We calculated final particle velocities for a range of particle types and sizes for both 100 kV and 3 MV acceleration potentials (Fig. 6 and Table 1).
Assuming a breathing rate of 25 L/min for light exercise of an adult male and measured particle size distribution, we calculated the deposition fractions of inhaled particles in the three regions of the human respiratory tract using LUDEP software (NRPB, Oxon, UK), which is based on the ICRP lung model (ICRP 1994).
Starting with the same particle set, we calculate the normalized weight of these particles according to either the exponential functions or the linearized functions.
Upon finding the particle residence time, we calculated the solid flow rate out of the riser and along with the knowledge of solids flowing into the riser column we determined the riser inventory as a function of time.
For each particle ℓ we calculate the mean speed at time t by begin{aligned} v_{ell}bigl(t t_{ell}^{(0)}bigr) = frac{sqrt{[i_{ell}(t -i_{ell }(t -i_{ell(0)})]^{2} + [j_{ell}(t_{ellell}(t_{ell }^{(0)})]^{2}}}{t-t_{ell}^{(0)}}, end{aligned} (6) i.e., as the ratio between the distance travelled up to time t and the time required to travel.
