AnterogradeThreshold – the user-defined number of anterograde signal particles required to activate the retrograde signal (5 - 80).
The large dynamic range arises from a state where all concentrations are close to 0. This does not necessarily make stochastic behavior important, however: the relevant count is the number of particles required to activate transcription, K A or K R, rather than the small value β a / k marking the start of a new cycle.
Interestingly, RNA isolated from BDV particles was unable to activate the IFN promoter, whereas RNA of measles virus (MV) was a good inducer, as expected (Fig. 4B).
We found that fdsc-αDEC particles, which are able to activate DCs, induce a high number of TLR9-positive structures compared to cells incubated with fd wild-type particles (Fig 5A and C, left panels).
It is likely that the pro-oxidant potential of ambient particles determine their ability to activate pathways that lead to pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects in the vasculature and promotion of atherosclerosis [ 85].
Any HIV purging strategy would be performed in the presence of HAART, but it would be useful to incorporate an antiretroviral drug such as a protease inhibitor into the same particle that is used to activate latent virus to directly introduce higher levels of drug to the cells.
These results indicated that particles below circa 50 nm fail to activate PBMNCs and that particle size, composition and morphology played a crucial role in cytokine release by particle stimulated macrophages.
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have been shown to activate oxidant generation by alveolar macrophages (AMs), alter xenobiotic metabolic pathways, and modify the balance of pro-antiinflammatory cytokines.
For this, 10 and 200 μg/ml porcine pancreatic trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich®/Cat# T-4799) were added to RRV and Yuc8 respectively, during 1 h at 37 °C in order to activate viral particles.
It is commonly accepted that there is a strong synergy in this mixture due to the transfer of phenol from the activated carbon particles to TiO2.
