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Second phase particles exert a drag on moving grain boundaries because boundary area is removed wherever a particle intersects a boundary.
It follows that smaller particles exert a greater effect per unit mass than larger particles of similar toxicity.
In the preliminary studies, we found an increase in EBC 8-isoprostane in normal subjects, suggesting that inhaled ambient particles exert a pro-oxidant effect in the airways.
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Maxwell had studied specific mechanical models for a gas (as a system of hard spheres (1860) or of point particles exerting a mutual force on each other inversely proportional to the fifth power of their distance), and characterized the state of such a gas by means of a probability distribution f over the various values of the molecular velocities $\vec{v} $
Simultaneously, the thermal energy of all the particles exerts an expansive pressure force on the plasma.
If the line of motion and the axis of the magnet lie in a plane, the magnet exerts a force on the particle perpendicular to the plane while the magnetic field of the moving particle exerts an equal and opposite force on the magnet.
In the direction perpendicular to the solar wind, the random motion of the solar-wind particles exerts a small pressure on the magnetic field, constricting the magnetosphere slightly.
In hydrometallurgical mineral processing, time and pH dependent rheology of dispersions comprising reactive particles can exert a striking influence on material processability and handleability.
The Newtonian conception stipulates that force, which acts to maintain or alter the motion of a particle, arises exclusively between pairs of particles; furthermore, the forces that any two particles exert on each other at any given moment depend only on what sorts of particles they are and on their positions relative to each other.
Because of principle stresses, particles exert normal and tangential forces on each other.
These particles exert drag forces on migrating grain boundaries and prevent grain boundary motion by pinning of the boundaries.
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