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From these images he made models of the particles, and finally -- did you guess it?
The cracks initiated at the edge of the pores and the interfaces between the un-melted or half-melted particles, and finally leaded to the delamination of the coating.
Consequently, the dispersed-phase morphology was observed to transform from two separate phases to acorn-type composite particles, then to individual core-shell particles and finally to agglomerates of the core-shell particles.
In the case of CoNi(n), with n increasing, the structure of nanoparticles inside the CoNi thin films underwent a transition from imperfectly spherical particles to multiform particles, and finally to irregular polyhedral particles, accompany with an increase of average size.
These process maps correlate the key processing parameters such as plasma power, powder feed rate, primary gas flow rate, and stand-off distance to the temperature and velocity of the in-flight particles and finally, to the porosity and microhardness of coatings.
Interestingly, the growth sequence of metallic pyramids was also observed in the shape-control region for the first time (as shown in Fig. 1c); Cu NPs self-assembled into prism-shaped particles and finally into pyramids.
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In the first step, Re3+ would be adsorbed on the surface of the silica colloid, and then the silica colloid turns into a rattle-type particle and finally turns into a HS through Ostwald ripening after being treated in hydrothermal conditions.
Additionally, application of ultrasonic waves causes formation of droplets with smaller sizes, which increases the total interfacial area allowing more particle-to-particle interaction, and finally leads to enhancing the emulsion stability.
The leafy substrates were washed thrice with water to remove adhering dust particles, dried, and finally grinded in a mixer grinder to 1 mm mesh size.
Here, the focus is on the study of particle dynamics in the presence of neighboring particles, including the influence of the viscous torque on the particle trajectories and finally on the melting time compared to the case of a single particle.
The model incorporates mass transfer between (i) external dynamic and stagnant zones, (ii) dynamic zone and nearby partially wetted porous particles, (iii) stagnant zone and adjacent partially wetted particles, and (iv) finally intraparticle diffusion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com