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Terrestrial stages of biphasic amphibians are very prone to be harmed by fertilisers applied to field crops due to the water and particle intake through skin.
In contrast, rates of particle intake by P. cylindrica contributed <10% to the energy budget in shaded and <3% in unshaded conditions.
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This study examined the effects of a forage source [wheat straw (WS) versus grass hay (GH)] prepartum and supplemental carbohydrate source [corn (dry feed; DF) versus molasses (liquid feed; LF)] on pre- and postpartum intake, digestibility, selective particle consumption, milk yield, and lipid metabolism.
Increased forage particle size increased intake of peNDF but did not affect intake of DM and NDF.
Increased forage particle length increased intake of peNDF but did not affect intake of DM or NDF.
Increased forage particle length increased intake of peNDF but did not affect intakes of nutrients including dry matter, NDF, starch, and nitrogen.
Increased forage particle length linearly increased intake of peNDF but intakes of dry matter, organic matter, starch, and N were highest for cows fed the medium peNDF diet.
DMI of particles retained on a screen equivalent in size to the top screen of the Penn State particle separator was the intake parameter explaining most of the variation in mean ruminal pH (r = 0.27) and was correlated to time spent ruminating (r = 0.61) and chewing (r = 0.61).
Effects of ratio of alfalfa silage to alfalfa hay and forage particle size on nutrient intakes, site of digestion, rumen pools, and passage rate of ruminal contents were evaluated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments.
However, feeding long alfalfa hay also increased intake of longer particles because a higher percentage of long particles was offered.
Sorting was calculated as the actual intake of each particle size fraction expressed as a percentage of the predicted intake of that fraction.
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