We know that improving a young person's education and training benefits them throughout life and adds value to our economy through higher levels of employment, self-employment and participation in continuing education and training.
However, finding, for example, an association between skills and participation in continuing education might indicate that participation in continuing education helps to maintain cognitive skills.
Continuing education Participation in continuing education increases adherence to clinical recommendations [57].
The only outcome of which personality was not incrementally predictive over and above competencies was participation in continuing education.
PIAAC-L was also set up to investigate alternative operationalizations of central constructs assessed in the PIAAC background questionnaire, such as skill mismatch and participation in continuing education.
For other outcomes, such as participation in continuing education or income, the non-cognitive and the cognitive skills were highly comparable with regard to their predictive power.
Here, we investigated the degree to which participation in continuing education was also related to non-cognitive skills (i.e., personality) in addition to cognitive skills (i.e., the competencies).
In PIAAC, participation in continuing education is regarded as a central indicator for the maintenance and broadening of skills over the life course.
Also in the case of educational attainment and participation in continuing education, a greater portion of the variance was explained by the competencies than by the personality dimensions.
Therefore, a clear positive association between the skills assessed in PIAAC and participation in continuing education is hypothesized and supported by the PIAAC data (OECD 2013).
For employment status and participation in continuing education, we additionally excluded retired persons.5 For income as an outcome, our subsample included only respondents working full-time (perw_14) and excluded respondents who were employed part-time or retired.
