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However, we do not have data on any of the other variables and therefore participation bias is a possibility if those who participated differed from non-participants on important characteristics (on which we have no data from non-participants).
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None of the families that refused to participate differed from the participants regarding characteristics of the child's medical condition or socio-demographic background.
There were no exclusion criteria for participation in the study, but the families who did not want to participate differed from the participating parents in terms of having a lower educational level and a higher proportion of non-Scandinavian-speaking parents.
It is not known whether the individuals who chose to participate differed from those who were eligible but chose not to participate.
We do not have response rate information because of the method of sampling, and it is not possible to know whether those who declined to participate differed from those who agreed to take part.
We were therefore unable to calculate an accurate response rate (because the research nurse could not verify if non-participants met the inclusion criteria), and it is unknown whether the characteristics of women who agreed to participate differed from those who refused to participate.
Therefore, the reach of this kind of intervention to workers in cleaning workplaces is interesting, especially if and how those participating differ from the non-participants.
Even though recruited at a site where virtually all Swiss young men could be contacted, those willingly participating differed slightly from the total population.
Pursuing initial non-responders through reminders in case-control studies may thus not be sufficient to mitigate bias if those with a propensity to participate differ in important ways from those who would not participate regardless of how many reminders were sent.
As anonymity was assured it was not possible to determine if the participating doctors differed from non-participants.
However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the participating women differed from the general birthing population in other ways than our analysis could control for.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com