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Pursuing initial non-responders through reminders in case-control studies may thus not be sufficient to mitigate bias if those with a propensity to participate differ in important ways from those who would not participate regardless of how many reminders were sent.
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None of the families that refused to participate differed from the participants regarding characteristics of the child's medical condition or socio-demographic background.
Nevertheless, we do not expect that this will have had any influence on the results because Buijs et al. showed that the intention to participate differed among the participants[ 21].
There were no exclusion criteria for participation in the study, but the families who did not want to participate differed from the participating parents in terms of having a lower educational level and a higher proportion of non-Scandinavian-speaking parents.
It is not known whether the individuals who chose to participate differed from those who were eligible but chose not to participate.
We do not have response rate information because of the method of sampling, and it is not possible to know whether those who declined to participate differed from those who agreed to take part.
conditional participation rates (that is the percentage of patients actually participating, provided that they were willing to participate) differed, with fewer (72%) patients willing to participate by means of a participation mode according to their preference actually doing so and more (90%) patients willing to participate in an interview actually doing so (RR 0.37, 95%CI: 0.22 – 0.22).
We were therefore unable to calculate an accurate response rate (because the research nurse could not verify if non-participants met the inclusion criteria), and it is unknown whether the characteristics of women who agreed to participate differed from those who refused to participate.
Therefore, the reach of this kind of intervention to workers in cleaning workplaces is interesting, especially if and how those participating differ from the non-participants.
However, we do not have data on any of the other variables and therefore participation bias is a possibility if those who participated differed from non-participants on important characteristics (on which we have no data from non-participants).
However, it is possible that reasons for not participating differed within this group.
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