SIF was initially measured in a pilot group of participants living within 25 miles of the study clinic in 2007 2009 (n=107) and subsequently in a substudy of participants undergoing brain imaging in 2010 (n=65) and at the 25-year examination in 2011 (n=38).
Quality of life was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) (McHornet et al 1992 , 1993 1994; Ware and Sherbourne 1992), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) (Radloff 1977), and the Medical Outcomes Study Sexual Activity Questionnaire (Sherbourne 1992) in a substudy of 1983 participants with a median follow-up of 5.4 years (range, 4.6 6.0 years).
Of these 949 New York City subjects, adiponectin levels were measured on 608 subjects who were also participants in an IDEATel substudy of aging and cognition that began data collection in 2004; these 608 subjects comprise the analytic sample for this study (Supplementary Fig. 1).
In a substudy of a randomized clinical trial, 308 participants were prospectively followed to investigate potential acute triggers of ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences.
In a substudy of undiagnosed diabetes, only 1 (0.5%) of a random sample of 200 nurse participants who had never reported diabetes had an elevated fasting plasma glucose level (29).
In a substudy of Interphone, researchers embedded phones with special software to track phone usage.
Twenty-five patients were included in a substudy of a prospective multicenter trial of treatment interruption (TI) (ANRS 116).
In addition, plasma volume was measured in a substudy of 30 subjects.
Beginning in August 1991, NAS participants were recruited for a substudy of K X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) bone lead measurement.
To test whether BMD is an independent determinant of mammographic density in menopausal women, we examined baseline data from participants in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestins Intervention Mammographic Density Study (PEPI-MDS), a substudy of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Study PEPII).
